Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Model 5

Model 6

State normalized presidential vote

(SNPV)

0.3609**

(0.0927)

0.3491**

(0.0984)

0.4058**

(0.1098)

0.3651**

(0.0949)

0.3536**

(0.1009)

0.4130**

(0.1126)

Preclearance indicator variable

0.0161**

(0.0054)

0.0186**

(0.0057)

0.0169*

(0.0066)

0.0154*

(0.0067)

0.0182**

(0.0066)

0.0183*

(0.0073)

Bipartisan legislative indicator variable

-

-

-

−0.0090

(0.0056)

−0.0091

(0.0062)

−0.0060

(0.0092)

Judicial indicator variable

-

-

-

−0.0058

(0.0037)

−0.0050

(0.0039)

−0.0056

(0.0054)

Independent commission indicator variable

-

-

-

−0.0165**

(0.0040)

−0.0171**

(0.0045)

−0.0213**

(0.0055)

Other commission indicator variable

-

-

-

0.0073

(0.0070)

0.0086

(0.0074)

0.0042

(0.0043)

Number of observations

1712

1552

1222

1712

1552

1222

Number of states

43

30

18

43

30

18