Learning and lifestyle factors				Total		Reflective practice skill score				χ² test P value
Learning and lifestyle factors				Persons	%	High RPS group Persons %		Low RPS group Persons %		χ² test P value
Learning history	PHN training institution	1-year vocational school course		547	56.9	323	59.8	224	53.1
		Specialized junior college course		77	8.0	47	8.7	30	7.1	0.026	*
		College		302	31.4	148	27.4	154	36.5
		Vocational school integrated curriculum		36	3.7	22	4.1	14	3.3
	Educational level	Vocational school		457	47.5	269	49.8	188	44.5
		Specialized junior college		153	15.9	92	17.0	61	14.5	0.038	*
		College		329	34.2	164	30.4	165	39.1
		Graduate school		23	2.4	15	2.8	8	1.9
	Place of work	Prefectures		237	24.6	157	29.1	80	19.0
		Government-ordinance-designated cities		144	15.0	80	14.8	64	15.2	0.003	*
		Cities		421	43.8	221	40.9	200	47.4
		Towns and villages		160	16.6	82	15.2	78	18.5
	Experience in presentation at academic meetings		Yes	476	49.5	302	55.9	174	41.2	0.000	*
			No	486	50.5	238	44.1	248	58.8
	Average annual investment in self-development amounting to \30 k or over		Yes	281	29.2	177	32.8	104	24.6	0.006	*
			No	681	70.8	363	67.2	318	75.4
	Out-of-pocket subscription to any journal over the past year		Yes	236	24.5	153	28.3	83	19.7	0.002	*
			No	726	75.5	387	71.7	339	80.3
	Experience in reading any specialized book over the past year		Yes	583	60.6	352	65.2	231	54.7	0.001	*
			No	379	39.4	188	34.8	191	45.3
	Membership of any professional association for the current year		Yes	600	62.4	361	66.9	239	56.6	0.001	*
			No	362	37.6	179	33.1	183	43.4
	Participation in any training or study session over the past year		Yes	835	86.8	473	87.6	362	85.8	0.410
			No	127	13.2	67	12.4	60	14.2
Daily lifestyle	10 daily health practice items (integration of Breslow’s 7 items and Morimoto’s 8 items)			(n = 961 as one missing value)
	1. Maintain desirable weight (BMI 18.5 - 24.9)		Yes	832	86.6	464	85.9	368	87.4	0.503
			No	129	13.4	76	14.1	53	12.6
	2. Moderate or no alcohol consumption		Yes	897	93.3	510	94.4	387	91.9	0.120
			No	64	6.7	30	5.6	34	8.1
	3. Do not smoke		Yes	936	97.4	528	97.8	408	96.9	0.403
			No	25	2.6	12	2.2	13	3.1
	4. Regular exercise		Yes	383	39.9	227	42.0	156	37.1	0.118
			No	578	60.1	313	58.0	265	62.9
	5. Get enough sleep (7 - 8 hours)		Yes	619	64.4	344	63.7	275	65.3	0.603
			No	342	35.6	196	36.3	146	34.7