Variables

Parenting skills

Χ2

p value

Appropriate

n (%)

Inappropriate

n (%)

Gender

Male

130 (64.7)

71(35.3)

0.086

0.769

Female

117 (63.2)

68 (36.8)

Race

Malay

137 (63.1)

80 (36.9)

0.158

0.691

Non Malay

110 (65.1)

59 (34.9)

Religion

Muslim

139 (62.3)

84 (37.7)

0.630

0.427

Non Muslim

108 (66.3)

55 (33.7)

Marital status

Single/Divorce

10 (66.7)

5 (33.3)

0.049

0.826

Married

237 (63.9)

134 (36.1)

Type of family

Extended

78 (74.3)

27 (25.7)

6.636

0.010*

Nucleus

169 (60.1)

112 (39.9)

Education level

Low

209 (68.5)

96 (31.5)

12.972

<0.001*

High

38 (46.9)

43 (53.1)

Family income

Low

74 (58.3)

53 (41.7)

2.689

0.101

High

173 (66.8)

86 (33.2)

Occupation

Professional

41 (57.7)

30 (42.3)

19.682

0.001*

Business

20 (67.7)

10 (33.3)

Agriculture

44 (62.0)

27 (38.0)

Government

41 (57.7)

30 (42.3)

Private

20 (67.7)

10 (33.3)

Housewife

44 (62.0)

27 (38.0)