| Variables | Parenting skills | Χ2 | p value | |
| Appropriate n (%) | Inappropriate n (%) | |||
| Gender |
|
|
|
|
| Male | 130 (64.7) | 71(35.3) | 0.086 | 0.769 |
| Female | 117 (63.2) | 68 (36.8) | ||
| Race |
|
|
|
|
| Malay | 137 (63.1) | 80 (36.9) | 0.158 | 0.691 |
| Non Malay | 110 (65.1) | 59 (34.9) | ||
| Religion |
|
|
|
|
| Muslim | 139 (62.3) | 84 (37.7) | 0.630 | 0.427 |
| Non Muslim | 108 (66.3) | 55 (33.7) | ||
| Marital status |
|
|
|
|
| Single/Divorce | 10 (66.7) | 5 (33.3) | 0.049 | 0.826 |
| Married | 237 (63.9) | 134 (36.1) | ||
| Type of family |
|
|
|
|
| Extended | 78 (74.3) | 27 (25.7) | 6.636 | 0.010* |
| Nucleus | 169 (60.1) | 112 (39.9) | ||
| Education level |
|
|
|
|
| Low | 209 (68.5) | 96 (31.5) | 12.972 | <0.001* |
| High | 38 (46.9) | 43 (53.1) | ||
| Family income |
|
|
|
|
| Low | 74 (58.3) | 53 (41.7) | 2.689 | 0.101 |
| High | 173 (66.8) | 86 (33.2) | ||
| Occupation |
| |||
| Professional | 41 (57.7) | 30 (42.3) | 19.682 | 0.001* |
| Business | 20 (67.7) | 10 (33.3) | ||
| Agriculture | 44 (62.0) | 27 (38.0) | ||
| Government | 41 (57.7) | 30 (42.3) | ||
| Private | 20 (67.7) | 10 (33.3) | ||
| Housewife | 44 (62.0) | 27 (38.0) | ||