Age (year)

46.3 ± 15.9

48.9 ± 16.4

<0.001

Age ≥ 65 years

624 (15.6)

844 (21.0)

<0.001

Female gender

2273 (56.7)

2278 (56.8)

0.910

Secondary school or below

2817 (70.2)

2866 (71.4)

0.229

Current smoker

903 (22.5)

740 (18.4)

<0.001

Oral hygiene

Dental check (less frequent)

2994 (74.6)

2731 (68.1)

<0.001

Brushing teeth (less frequent)

2750 (68.5)

2460 (61.3)

<0.001

Using dental floss (less frequent)

2606 (65.0)

2469 (61.5)

0.002

Healthy diet

Balance diet (less frequent)

1076 (26.8)

617 (15.4)

<0.001

Vegetable intake (less frequent)

1584 (39.5)

1186 (29.6)

<0.001

Fruit (less frequent)

2425 (60.4)

2075 (51.7)

<0.001

Water (less frequent)

1666 (41.5)

1393 (34.7)

<0.001

Regular exercise (less frequent)

2995 (74.7)

2646 (66.0)

<0.001

Self-reported sleep quality

<0.001

Unsatisfied

1297 (32.4)

558 (13.9)

Fair

1939 (48.3)

1086 (27.1)

Satisfied

776 (19.3)

2368 (59.0)

Self-perceived health status

<0.001

Unsatisfied

846 (21.1)

227 ( 5.7)

Fair

2976 (74.2)

883 (22.0)

Satisfied

190 ( 4.7)

2902 (72.3)