| Data | Model | Normalization | None | Z-standard | Min-Max | MaxAbs (−1, 1) | Quantile Transform | Quantile Normalize |
| Solar Flare Data - Continuous Target | Linear | Type of Loss | MSE | MSE | MSE | MSE | MSE | MSE |
| Total Loss | 0.376 | 0.457 | 0.376 | 0.376 | 0.376 | 0.376 | ||
| Bias | 0.346 | 0.454 | 0.345 | 0.346 | 0.346 | 0.345 | ||
| Variance | 0.030 | 0.002 | 0.031 | 0.031 | 0.030 | 0.031 | ||
| Noise | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||
| Variance-Bias Ratio | 0.087 | 0.005 | 0.089 | 0.089 | 0.087 | 0.089 | ||
| Percent Change from Raw | ~ | 121.569 | 100.043 | 100.000 | 100.000 | 100.127 | ||
| Decision Tree | ||||||||
| Total Loss | 0.769 | 0.734 | 0.769 | 0.769 | 0.769 | 0.772 | ||
| Bias | 0.534 | 0.408 | 0.534 | 0.534 | 0.534 | 0.534 | ||
| Variance | 0.235 | 0.326 | 0.235 | 0.235 | 0.235 | 0.237 | ||
| Noise | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||
| Bias-Variance Ratio | 0.440 | 0.799 | 0.440 | 0.440 | 0.440 | 0.444 | ||
| Percent Change from Raw | ~ | 95.427 | 100.000 | 100.000 | 100.000 | 100.413 |