| Antenatal Care | Institutional Delivery | Postnatal Care | |||
Covariates | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | Odds Ratio | 95% CI |
Socio-cultural determinants: | ||||||
Maternal age |
|
| ||||
12 - 19 years | 1 (reference) |
| 1 (reference) |
| 1 (reference) |
|
20+ years | 0.852 | (0.423, 1.718) | 1.286 | (0.855, 1.941) | 1.052 | (0.714, 1.549) |
Maternal education |
|
| ||||
Uneducated | 1 (reference) |
| 1 (reference) |
| 1 (reference) |
|
Educated | 1.762 | (0.744, 4.187) | 3.171 | (1.929, 5.257) | 1.849 | (1.109, 3.119) |
Maternal marital status |
|
| ||||
Single | 1 (reference) |
| 1 (reference) |
| 1 (reference) |
|
Married | 1.693 | (0.446, 5.075) | 0.527 | (0.171, 1.329) | 0.679 | (0.302, 1.461) |
Maternal occupation |
|
| ||||
Unemployed | 1 (reference) |
| 1 (reference) |
| 1 (reference) |
|
Employed | 2.003 | (0.624, 5.499) | 0.509 | (0.213, 1.077) | 0.754 | (0.405, 1.380) |
Maternal ethnic group |
|
| ||||
Akan | 1 (reference) |
| 1 (reference) |
| 1 (reference) |
|
Non-Akan | 1.069 | (0.498, 2.318) | 0.823 | (0.526, 1.295) | 1.373 | (0.892, 2.126) |
Maternal religion |
|
| ||||
Christian | 1 (reference) |
| 1 (reference) |
| 1 (reference) |
|
Non-Christian | 1.494 | (0.671, 3.554) | 1.214 | (0.762, 1.958) | 1.033 | (0.646, 1.656) |
Maternal husband’s education |
|
| ||||
Uneducated | 1 (reference) |
| 1 (reference) |
| 1 (reference) |
|
Educated | 1.674 | (0.713, 3.925) | 0.944 | (0.561, 1.576) | 0.753 | (0.436, 1.287) |
Parity |
|
| ||||
1 - 4 children | 1 (reference) |
| 1 (reference) |
| 1 (reference) |
|
>5 children | 0.374 | (0.173, 0.796) | 0.609 | (0.395, 0.940) | 1.032 | (0.659, 1.621) |
Socio-economic determinants: | ||||||
Maternal wealth |
|
| ||||
Poor | 1 (reference) |
| 1 (reference) |
| 1 (reference) |
|
Average | 1.372 | (0.593, 3.510) | 2.821 | (1.595, 5.233) | 0.781 | (0.471, 1.288) |
Rich | 2.776 | (0.777, 13.213) | 16.877 | (4.816, 18.124) | 0.703 | (0.382, 1.286) |
Maternal health insurance |
|
| ||||
No | 1 (reference) |
| 1 (reference) |
| 1 (reference) |
|
Yes | 1.197 | (0.592, 2.319) | 1.197 | (0.779, 1.825) | 1.198 | (0.787, 1.823) |
Geographical location |
|
| ||||
Urban | 1 (reference) |
| 1 (reference) |
| 1 (reference) |
|
Rural | 0.653 | (0.268, 1.474) | 0.539 | (0.312, 0.908) | 0.569 | (0.350, 0.913) |