Researcher (s)

Cities studied

Number of Participants

Important Elements

Land-mark

Node

Path

Edge

District

Lynch (1960)

Jersey City, Los Angeles (United States)

60 (Professional, managerial)

de Jonge (1962)

Amsterdam, The Hague,

Rotterdam (Netherlands)

72 (Wives of white-collar workers)

Gulick (1963)

Tripoli (Lebanon)

35 (students, upper middle class)

Klein (1967)

Karlsruhe (Germany)

1118 (Residents)

Saarinen (1969)

Chicago ( United states)

72 (students, workers)

Appleyard (1969)

GiudadGuayana (Venezuela)

320 (Residents from selected settlements)

Blanch (1970)

Mexico City, Puebla, Guanajuato, San Cristobal las Casas (Mexico)

769 (Residents, students)

Francescato and Mebane (1973)

Milan and Rome (Italy)

183 (residents)

Yan (1990)

Beijing (China)

432 (residents, professional)

Lynch (1984)

Theoretical arguments

Jacobs (1993)

Theoretical arguments