Component | Main source | Known leading bioactive components | References |
Extracts | Aloe vera (aloe, luhui) leaf | Anthraquinones, auxins, gibberellins | [52] [53] [54] [55] |
Essential oil | Boswellia sacra (frankincense, ruxiang) | Boswellic acids | [56] |
Essential oil/extracts | Camellia (tea tree, cha) seed, leaf | Catechins, alkaloids | [57] [58] |
Extracts | Carthamus tinctorius (safflower, honghua) | Flavonoids, alkaloids | [59] |
Essential oil | Commipora myrrha (moyao) | Guggulsterone, sesquiterpenes | [60] [61] |
Extracts | Ganoderma lucidum (reishi, lingzhi) | Polysaccharides, dietary fibers, oligosaccharides | [62] [63] |
Extracts | Glycine max (soybean, dadou) seed | phenolic acids, flavonoids, isoflavonoids | [64] |
Essential oil/extracts | Hippophae rhamnoides (sea-buckthorn, shaji) fruit, leaf | Phytosterols, flavonoids, phenolic acids | [65] |
Extracts | Leonuri cardiacae herba (motherwort, yimucao) | Hyperoside, flavonoids, phenolic acids | [66] |
Extracts | Lithospermum erythrorhizon (gromwell, zicao) root | Shikonin | [67] [68] [69] |
Extracts | Panax ginseng (ginseng, renshen) root, leaf | Ginsenosides | [70] [71] [72] |
Extracts | Panax notogensing (sanchi gingseng, sanqi) | Ginsenoside C-Mx, saponins | [73] [74] |
Essential oil | Radix Angelica (danggui) | m-Creso, osthole | [75] |
Extracts | Salvia miltiorrhiza BUNGE (red sage, danshen) root | Magnesium lithospermate B, tanshinones,cryptotanshinone | [76] |