Disinfection technology | Inactivation efficiency | Scalability | |||||||||
Bacteria | Viruses | Crypto | DBPs formation | Toxicity | Aesthetics | Costs | Bench | Pilot | Ops | Residual | |
Ozone | √ | √ | √a | √c | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | × |
Ultraviolet (UV) light | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | × |
Direct electrochemical | √ | # | ? | √e | ?d | √e | √ | √ | √ | ? | √e |
Mixed oxidant generators | √ | √ | √ | √e | √ | √e | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
TiO2 photocatalysis | √ | √ | # | √ | ? | ? | × | √ | √ | ? | × |
Irradiation | √ | √ | # | √ | √ | √ | × | √ | √ | ? | × |
Pulsed electric fields | √ | # | # | √ | ? | ? | × | √ | √ | ? | × |
Sonication | √ | # | # | √ | √ | √ | × | √ | ? | ? | × |
Metal ions (Au/Ag/Cu) | √ | √ab | ? | √ | √d | ×a | ? | √ | √ | ? | √c |
Ferrates | √ | √ | ? | √ | √ | ? | ? | √ | ? | ? | × |