| Parameters | Stem cells as vitro models | In Silico Approach |
| Definition | The use of stem cells in vitro to study drug responses and toxicity | The use of computer simulations to predict drug properties and interactions |
| Applications | Testing drug efficacy and toxicity, identifying drug targets and mechanisms of action, disease modeling, and drug screening | Predicting drug-target interactions, identifying drug candidates, optimizing drug properties, virtual screening, and molecular docking |
| Key Techniques | Differentiation of stem cells into specific cell types, microfluidics, gene editing, organoid culture, high-throughput screening, transcriptomics, and proteomics | Molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, virtual screening, ligand-based and structure-based drug design |
| Pros | More physiologically relevant models, potential for personalized medicine, and ability to model complex diseases | High throughput, cost-effective, allows for the exploration of large chemical space, no need for physical samples, and the ability to predict drug properties and interactions |
| Cons | Technical challenges and limitations, the potential for batch-to-batch variability, limited scalability and reproducibility, and ethical concerns related to the use of human embryos or fetal tissue | Limited accuracy and reliability, inability to account for all biological factors, lack of experimental validation, and inability to predict the toxicity and other adverse effects |
| References | [62] - [67] | [68] [69] [70] [71] |