Test variables

Academic Achievement (Mean ± standard deviation)

F

P

Forget grades (N = 6)

Poor (N = 23)

General (N = 76)

Good (N = 64)

Self-efficacy

5.45 ± 0.66

4.49 ± 1.06

4.63 ± 0.95

4.77 ± 1.04

1.720

0.165

Hope

3.98 ± 0.23

4.25 ± 0.56

4.15 ± 0.64

4.32 ± 0.60

0.935

0.425

Toughness

4.94 ± 0.33

4.70 ± 1.07

4.98 ± 1.04

4.98 ± 0.96

0.528

0.663

Optimistic

5.39 ± 0.63

4.45 ± 0.99

4.97 ± 1.06

4.84 ± 1.12

1.863

0.138

Total psychological capital

5.22 ± 0.50

4.40 ± 0.75

4.65 ± 0.78

4.71 ± 0.95

1.678

0.174