Dimension

Grade

Sample

Average

Standard deviation

F

P

Self-efficacy

Freshman

45

4.695

1.059

3.090

0.029

Sophomore

47

4.365

1.020

Junior year

33

4.970

0.922

Senior year

44

4.877

0.924

Hope

Freshman

45

4.737

1.039

2.075

0.106

Sophomore

47

4.574

1.065

Junior year

33

5.081

0.735

44

4.917

0.913

Toughness

Freshman

45

4.203

0.886

2.317

0.078

Sophomore

47

4.173

0.754

33

4.576

0.854

Senior year

44

4.442

0.698

Optimistic

Freshman

45

4.741

1.123

1.409

0.242

Sophomore

47

4.663

1.220

Junior year

33

5.051

0.882

Senior year

44

5.027

0.981

Total psychological capital

Freshman

45

4.583

0.891

2.655

0.050

Sophomore

47

4.430

0.926

Junior year

33

4.908

0.737

Senior year

44

4.803

0.775