Test variables | Male (N = 104) | Female (N = 65) | T | P | ||
Average | Standard deviation | Average | Standard deviation | |||
Self-efficacy | 4.96 | 1.07 | 4.30 | 0.74 | 4.759 | 0.001 |
Hope | 4.91 | 1.02 | 4.64 | 0.87 | 1.808 | 0.072 |
Toughness | 4.47 | 0.91 | 4.11 | 0.54 | 3.204 | 0.002 |
Optimistic | 4.95 | 1.12 | 4.70 | 0.99 | 1.474 | 0.142 |
Total psychological capital | 4.81 | 0.93 | 4.42 | 0.67 | 3.219 | 0.002 |