Test variables

Male (N = 104)

Female (N = 65)

T

P

Average

Standard deviation

Average

Standard deviation

Self-efficacy

4.96

1.07

4.30

0.74

4.759

0.001

Hope

4.91

1.02

4.64

0.87

1.808

0.072

Toughness

4.47

0.91

4.11

0.54

3.204

0.002

Optimistic

4.95

1.12

4.70

0.99

1.474

0.142

Total psychological capital

4.81

0.93

4.42

0.67

3.219

0.002